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1The Lord spoke to Moses:[#sn This lengthy chapter records the mobilization of the troops (vv. 1-5), the war itself (vv. 6-13), the death of the captive women (vv. 14-18), the purification of the nations (vv. 19-24), and the distribution of the spoils (vv. 25-54). For more detail, see G. W. Coats, “Moses in Midian,” JBL 92 (1973): 3-10; and W. J. Dumbrell, “Midian – a Land or a League?” VT 25 (1975): 323-37.]
2“Exact vengeance for the Israelites on the Midianites – after that you will be gathered to your people.”[#tn The imperative is followed by its cognate accusative to stress this vengeance. The Midianites had attempted to destroy Israel with their corrupt pagan practices, and now will be judged. The accounts indicate that the effort by Midian was calculated and evil.; #sn The war was commanded by the Lord and was to be divine vengeance on the Midianites. So it was holy war. No Israelites then could take spoils in this – it was not a time for plunder and aggrandizement. It was part of the judgment of God upon those who would destroy or pervert his plan and his people.; #sn This would be the last major enterprise that Moses would have to undertake. He would soon die and “be gathered to his people” as Aaron was.]
3So Moses spoke to the people: “Arm men from among you for the war, to attack the Midianites and to execute the Lord ’s vengeance on Midian.[#tn The Niphal imperative, literally “arm yourselves,” is the call to mobilize the nation for war. It is followed by the jussive, “and they will be,” which would then be subordinated to say “that they may be.” The versions changed the verb to a Hiphil, but that is unnecessary: “arm some of yourselves.”; #tn Heb “give.”]
4You must send to the battle a thousand men from every tribe throughout all the tribes of Israel.”[#sn Some commentators argue that given the size of the nation (which they reject) the small number for the army is a sign of the unrealistic character of the story. The number is a round number, but it is also a holy war, and God would give them the victory. They are beginning to learn here, and at Jericho, and later against these Midianites under Gideon, that God does not want or need a large army in order to obtain victory.]
5So a thousand from every tribe, twelve thousand armed for battle in all, were provided out of the thousands of Israel.
6So Moses sent them to the war, one thousand from every tribe, with Phinehas son of Eleazar the priest, who was in charge of the holy articles and the signal trumpets.[#tn The Hebrew text uses the idiom that these “were in his hand,” meaning that he had the responsibility over them.; #sn It is not clear what articles from the sanctuary were included. Tg. Ps.-J. adds (interpretively) “the Urim and Thummim.”]
7They fought against the Midianites, as the Lord commanded Moses, and they killed every male.[#sn Many modern biblical scholars assume that this passage is fictitious. The text says that they killed every male, but Judges accounts for the Midianites. The texts can be harmonized rather simply – they killed every Midianite who was in the battle. Midianite tribes and cities dotted the whole region, but that does not mean Israel went and killed every single one of them. There apparently was a core of Midianites whom Balaam had influenced to pervert Israel.]
8They killed the kings of Midian in addition to those slain – Evi, Rekem, Zur, Hur, and Reba – five Midianite kings. They also killed Balaam son of Beor with the sword.[#sn Here again we see that there was no unified empire, but Midianite tribal groups.; #sn And what was Balaam doing among the Midianites? The implication is strong. This pagan diviner had to submit to the revealed will of God in the oracles, but he nonetheless could be hired. He had been a part of the attempt to destroy Israel that failed; he then apparently became part of the plan, if not the adviser, to destroy them with sexual immorality and pagan ritual.]
9The Israelites took the women of Midian captives along with their little ones, and took all their herds, all their flocks, and all their goods as plunder.
10They burned all their towns where they lived and all their encampments.[#tn Heb “burned with fire.”; #tn The ban applied to the encampments and forts of this group of Midianite tribes living in the region of Moab.]
11They took all the plunder and all the spoils, both people and animals.
12They brought the captives and the spoils and the plunder to Moses, to Eleazar the priest, and to the Israelite community, to the camp on the plains of Moab, along the Jordan River across from Jericho.[#tn Or “steppes.”; #tn The word “River” is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied in the translation for clarity.; #tn Again this expression, “the Jordan of Jericho,” is used. It describes the intended location along the Jordan River, the Jordan next to or across from Jericho.map For the location of Jericho see Map5-B2; Map6-E1; Map7-E1; Map8-E3; Map10-A2; Map11-A1.]
13Moses, Eleazar the priest, and all the leaders of the community went out to meet them outside the camp.
14But Moses was furious with the officers of the army, the commanders over thousands and commanders over hundreds, who had come from service in the war.
15Moses said to them, “Have you allowed all the women to live?[#tn The verb is the Piel perfect of the word חָיָה (khayah, “to live”). In the Piel stem it must here mean “preserve alive,” or “allow to live,” rather than make alive.]
16Look, these people through the counsel of Balaam caused the Israelites to act treacherously against the Lord in the matter of Peor – which resulted in the plague among the community of the Lord !
17Now therefore kill every boy, and kill every woman who has had sexual intercourse with a man.[#tn Heb “every male among the little ones.”sn The command in holy war to kill women and children seems in modern times a terrible thing to do (and it was), and something they ought not to have done. But this criticism fails to understand the situation in the ancient world. The entire life of the ancient world was tribal warfare. God’s judgment is poured out on whole groups of people who act with moral abandonment and in sinful pursuits. See E. J. Young, My Servants, the Prophets, 24; and J. W. Wenham, The Enigma of Evil.; #tn Heb “every woman who has known [a] man by lying with a man.”]
18But all the young women who have not had sexual intercourse with a man will be yours.[#tn Or “girls.” The Hebrew indicates they would be female children, making the selection easy.; #tn Heb “who have not known [a] man by lying with a man.”; #sn Many contemporary scholars see this story as fictitious, composed by the Jews during the captivity. According to this interpretation, the spoils of war here indicate the wealth of the Jews in captivity, which was to be given to the Levites and priests for the restoration of the sanctuary in Jerusalem. The conclusion drawn from this interpretation is that returning Jews had the same problem as the earlier ones: to gain a foothold in the land. Against this interpretation of the account is a lack of hard evidence, a lack which makes this interpretation appear contrived and subjective. If this was the intent of a later writer, he surely could have stated this more clearly than by making up such a story.]
19“Any of you who has killed anyone or touched any of the dead, remain outside the camp for seven days; purify yourselves and your captives on the third day, and on the seventh day.
20You must purify each garment and everything that is made of skin, everything made of goat’s hair, and everything made of wood.”[#sn These verses are a reminder that taking a life, even if justified through holy war, still separates one from the holiness of God. It is part of the violation of the fallen world, and only through the ritual of purification can one be once again made fit for the presence of the Lord.]
21Then Eleazar the priest said to the men of war who had gone into the battle, “This is the ordinance of the law that the Lord commanded Moses:
22‘Only the gold, the silver, the bronze, the iron, the tin, and the lead,
23everything that may stand the fire, you are to pass through the fire, and it will be ceremonially clean, but it must still be purified with the water of purification. Anything that cannot withstand the fire you must pass through the water.[#sn Purification by fire is unique to this event. Making these metallic objects “pass through the fire” was not only a way of purifying (burning off impurities), but it seems to be a dedicatory rite as well to the Lord and his people. The aspect of passing through the fire is one used by these pagans for child sacrifice.]
24You must wash your clothes on the seventh day, and you will be ceremonially clean, and afterward you may enter the camp.’”
25Then the Lord spoke to Moses:
26“You and Eleazar the priest, and all the family leaders of the community, take the sum of the plunder that was captured, both people and animals.[#tn The idiom here is “take up the head,” meaning take a census, or count the totals.]
27Divide the plunder into two parts, one for those who took part in the war – who went out to battle – and the other for all the community.
28“You must exact a tribute for the Lord from the fighting men who went out to battle: one life out of five hundred, from the people, the cattle, and from the donkeys and the sheep.[#tn The verb is the Hiphil, “you shall cause to be taken up.” The perfect with vav (ו) continues the sequence of the instructions. This raised offering was to be a tax of one-fifth of one percent for the Lord.]
29You are to take it from their half-share and give it to Eleazar the priest for a raised offering to the Lord .
30From the Israelites’ half-share you are to take one portion out of fifty of the people, the cattle, the donkeys, and the sheep – from every kind of animal – and you are to give them to the Levites, who are responsible for the care of the Lord ’s tabernacle.”
31So Moses and Eleazar the priest did as the Lord commanded Moses.
32The spoil that remained of the plunder which the fighting men had gathered was 675,000 sheep,[#tn Heb “people.”; #tn Heb “had plundered.”]
3372,000 cattle,
3461,000 donkeys,
35and 32,000 young women who had never had sexual intercourse with a man.[#sn Here again we encounter one of the difficulties of the book, the use of the large numbers. Only twelve thousand soldiers fought the Midianites, but they brought back this amount of plunder, including 32,000 girls. Until a solution for numbers in the book can be found, or the current translation confirmed, one must remain cautious in interpretation.]
36The half-portion of those who went to war numbered 337,500 sheep;
37the Lord ’s tribute from the sheep was 675.
38The cattle numbered 36,000; the Lord ’s tribute was 72.[#tn The word “numbered” has been supplied in the translation for clarity.]
39The donkeys were 30,500, of which the Lord ’s tribute was 61.
40The people were 16,000, of which the Lord ’s tribute was 32 people.[#tn Heb “soul.”]
41So Moses gave the tribute, which was the Lord ’s raised offering, to Eleazar the priest, as the Lord commanded Moses.
42From the Israelites’ half-share that Moses had separated from the fighting men,[#tn Heb “the men who were fighting.”]
43there were 337,500 sheep from the portion belonging to the community,
4436,000 cattle,
4530,500 donkeys,
46and 16,000 people.
47From the Israelites’ share Moses took one of every fifty people and animals and gave them to the Levites who were responsible for the care of the Lord’s tabernacle, just as the Lord commanded Moses.
48Then the officers who were over the thousands of the army, the commanders over thousands and the commanders over hundreds, approached Moses
49and said to him, “Your servants have taken a count of the men who were in the battle, who were under our authority, and not one is missing.[#tn Heb “to Moses”; the proper name has been replaced by the pronoun (“him”) in the translation for stylistic reasons.; #tn Heb “lifted up the head.”; #tn Heb “in our hand.”]
50So we have brought as an offering for the Lord what each man found: gold ornaments, armlets, bracelets, signet rings, earrings, and necklaces, to make atonement for ourselves before the Lord .”[#tn Heb “our souls.”; #sn The expression here may include the idea of finding protection from divine wrath, which is so common to Leviticus, but it may also be a thank offering for the fact that their lives had been spared.]
51Moses and Eleazar the priest took the gold from them, all of it in the form of ornaments.
52All the gold of the offering they offered up to the Lord from the commanders of thousands and the commanders of hundreds weighed 16,750 shekels.[#sn Or about 420 imperial pounds.]
53Each soldier had taken plunder for himself.
54So Moses and Eleazar the priest received the gold from the commanders of thousands and commanders of hundreds and brought it into the tent of meeting as a memorial for the Israelites before the Lord .[#tn The Hebrew text does not repeat the word “commanders” here, but it is implied.; #tn The purpose of the offering was to remind the Lord to remember Israel. But it would also be an encouragement for Israel as they remembered the great victory.]