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1On that day after Jesus went out of the house, he sat by the lake.
2And such a large crowd gathered around him that he got into a boat to sit while the whole crowd stood on the shore.[#tn Grk “and all the crowd.” The clause in this phrase, although coordinate in terms of grammar, is logically subordinate to the previous clause.]
3He told them many things in parables, saying: “Listen! A sower went out to sow.[#tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated.; #sn Though parables can contain a variety of figures of speech (cf. the remainder of chapter 13), many times they are simply stories that attempt to teach spiritual truth (which is unknown to the hearers) by using a comparison with something known to the hearers. In general, parables usually advance a single idea, though there may be many parts and characters in a single parable and subordinate ideas may expand the main idea further. The beauty of using the parable as a teaching device is that it draws the listener into the story, elicits an evaluation, and demands a response.; #tn Grk “Behold.”; #sn A sower went out to sow. The background for this well-known parable, drawn from a typical scene in the Palestinian countryside, is a field through which a well-worn path runs. Sowing would occur in late fall or early winter (October to December) in the rainy season, looking for sprouting in April or May and a June harvest. The use of seed as a figure for God’s giving life has OT roots (Isa 55:10-11). The point of the parable of the sower is to illustrate the various responses to the message of the kingdom of God.]
4And as he sowed, some seeds fell along the path, and the birds came and devoured them.[#tn In Matthew’s version of this parable, plural pronouns are used to refer to the seed in v. 4 (ἅ…αὐτά [Ja…auta]), although the collective singular is used in v. 5 and following (indicated by the singular verbs like ἔπεσεν [epesen]). For the sake of consistency in English, plural pronouns referring to the seed are used in the translation throughout the Matthean account. In both Mark and Luke the collective singular is used consistently throughout (cf. Mark 4:1-9; Luke 8:4-8).]
5Other seeds fell on rocky ground where they did not have much soil. They sprang up quickly because the soil was not deep.[#tn Here and in vv. 7 and 8 δέ (de) has not been translated.; #sn The rocky ground in Palestine would be a limestone base lying right under the soil.; #tn Grk “it did not have enough depth of earth.”]
6But when the sun came up, they were scorched, and because they did not have sufficient root, they withered.
7Other seeds fell among the thorns, and they grew up and choked them.[#sn Palestinian weeds like these thorns could grow up to six feet in height and have a major root system.; #sn That is, crowded out the good plants.]
8But other seeds fell on good soil and produced grain, some a hundred times as much, some sixty, and some thirty.
9The one who has ears had better listen!”[#tn The translation “had better listen!” captures the force of the third person imperative more effectively than the traditional “let him hear,” which sounds more like a permissive than an imperative to the modern English reader. This was Jesus’ common expression to listen and heed carefully (cf. Matt 11:15, 13:43; Mark 4:9, 23; Luke 8:8, 14:35).]
10Then the disciples came to him and said, “Why do you speak to them in parables?”[#tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.]
11He replied, “You have been given the opportunity to know the secrets of the kingdom of heaven, but they have not.[#tn Grk “And answering, he said to them.” This construction is somewhat redundant in English and has been simplified in the translation. Here δέ (de) has not been translated.; #tn This is an example of a “divine passive,” with God understood to be the source of the revelation (see ExSyn 437-38).; #tn Grk “to you it has been given to know.” The dative pronoun occurs first, in emphatic position in the Greek text, although this position is awkward in contemporary English.; #tn Grk “the mysteries.”sn The key term secrets (μυστήριον, musthrion) can mean either (1) a new revelation or (2) a revealing interpretation of existing revelation as in Dan 2:17-23, 27-30. Jesus seems to be explaining how current events develop old promises, since the NT consistently links the events of Jesus’ ministry and message with old promises (Rom 1:1-4; Heb 1:1-2). The traditional translation of this word, “mystery,” is misleading to the modern English reader because it suggests a secret which people have tried to uncover but which they have failed to understand (L&N 28.77).]
12For whoever has will be given more, and will have an abundance. But whoever does not have, even what he has will be taken from him.[#sn What he has will be taken from him. The meaning is that the one who accepts Jesus’ teaching concerning his person and the kingdom will receive a share in the kingdom now and even more in the future, but for the one who rejects Jesus’ words, the opportunity that that person presently possesses with respect to the kingdom will someday be taken away forever.]
13For this reason I speak to them in parables: Although they see they do not see, and although they hear they do not hear nor do they understand.
14And concerning them the prophecy of Isaiah is fulfilled that says:
‘You will listen carefully yet will never understand,
you will look closely .
15For the heart of this people has become dull;
they are hard of hearing,
and they have shut their eyes,
so that they would not see with their eyes
and hear with their ears
and understand with their hearts
. ’
16“But your eyes are blessed because they see, and your ears because they hear.[#sn This beatitude highlights the great honor bestowed on the disciples to share in this salvation.]
17For I tell you the truth, many prophets and righteous people longed to see what you see but did not see it, and to hear what you hear but did not hear it.[#tn Grk “truly (ἀμήν, amhn) I say to you.”; #sn This is what past prophets and righteous people had wanted very much to see, yet the fulfillment had come to the disciples. This remark is like 1 Pet 1:10-12 or Heb 1:1-2.]
18“So listen to the parable of the sower:
19When anyone hears the word about the kingdom and does not understand it, the evil one comes and snatches what was sown in his heart; this is the seed sown along the path.[#sn Interestingly, the synoptic parallels each use a different word for Satan here: Mark 4:15 has “Satan,” while Luke 8:12 has “the devil.” This illustrates the fluidity of the gospel tradition in often using synonyms at the same point of the parallel tradition.; #sn The word of Jesus has the potential to save if it germinates in a person’s heart, something the devil is very much against.]
20The seed sown on rocky ground is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy.[#tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.; #tn Grk “The one sown on rocky ground, this is the one.” The next two statements like this one have this same syntactical structure.]
21But he has no root in himself and does not endure; when trouble or persecution comes because of the word, immediately he falls away.[#tn Grk “is temporary.”; #tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.]
22The seed sown among thorns is the person who hears the word, but worldly cares and the seductiveness of wealth choke the word, so it produces nothing.[#tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.; #tn Grk “the deceitfulness of riches.” Cf. BDAG 99 s.v. ἀπάτη 1, “the seduction which comes from wealth.”; #sn That is, their concern for spiritual things is crowded out by material things.]
23But as for the seed sown on good soil, this is the person who hears the word and understands. He bears fruit, yielding a hundred, sixty, or thirty times what was sown.”[#tn The Greek is difficult to translate because it switches from a generic “he” to three people within this generic class (thus, something like: “Who indeed bears fruit and yields, in one instance a hundred times, in another, sixty times, in another, thirty times”).]
24He presented them with another parable: “The kingdom of heaven is like a person who sowed good seed in his field.[#tn Grk “He set before them another parable, saying.” The participle λέγων (legwn) is redundant and has not been translated.]
25But while everyone was sleeping, an enemy came and sowed weeds among the wheat and went away.[#tn Grk “sowed darnel.” The Greek term ζιζάνιον (zizanion) refers to an especially undesirable weed that looks like wheat but has poisonous seeds (L&N 3.30).]
26When the plants sprouted and bore grain, then the weeds also appeared.[#tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.]
27So the slaves of the owner came and said to him, ‘Sir, didn’t you sow good seed in your field? Then where did the weeds come from?’[#tn See the note on the word “slave” in 8:9.]
28He said, ‘An enemy has done this.’ So the slaves replied, ‘Do you want us to go and gather them?’[#tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the owner’s statement.]
29But he said, ‘No, since in gathering the weeds you may uproot the wheat with them.
30Let both grow together until the harvest. At harvest time I will tell the reapers, “First collect the weeds and tie them in bundles to be burned, but then gather the wheat into my barn.”’”[#tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated.; #tn Grk “but.”; #tn Grk “burned, but gather.”]
31He gave them another parable: “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed that a man took and sowed in his field.[#tn Grk “put before.”; #tn Grk “He set before them another parable, saying.” The participle λέγων (legwn) is redundant and has not been translated.; #sn The mustard seed was noted for its tiny size.]
32It is the smallest of all the seeds, but when it has grown it is the greatest garden plant and becomes a tree, so that the wild birds come and nest in its branches.”[#sn This is rhetorical hyperbole, since technically a mustard plant is not a tree. This could refer to one of two types of mustard plant popular in Palestine and would be either ten or twenty-five ft (3 or 7.5 m) tall.; #tn Grk “the birds of the sky” or “the birds of the heaven”; the Greek word οὐρανός (ouranos) may be translated either “sky” or “heaven,” depending on the context. The idiomatic expression “birds of the sky” refers to wild birds as opposed to domesticated fowl (cf. BDAG 809 s.v. πετεινόν).; #sn The point of the parable seems to be that while the kingdom of God may appear to have insignificant and unnoticeable beginnings (i.e., in the ministry of Jesus), it will someday (i.e., at the second advent) be great and quite expansive. The kingdom, however, is not to be equated with the church, but rather the church is an expression of the kingdom. Also, there is important OT background in the image of the mustard seed that grew and became a tree: Ezek 17:22-24 pictures the reemergence of the Davidic house where people can find calm and shelter. Like the mustard seed, it would start out small but grow to significant size.]
33He told them another parable: “The kingdom of heaven is like yeast that a woman took and mixed with three measures of flour until all the dough had risen.”[#tn Grk “hid in.”; #sn This measure was a saton, the Greek name for the Hebrew term “seah.” Three of these was a very large quantity of flour, since a saton is a little over 16 pounds (7 kg) of dry measure (or 13.13 liters). So this was over 47 lbs (21 kg) of flour total, enough to feed over a hundred people.; #tn Grk “it was all leavened.”sn The parable of the yeast and the dough teaches that the kingdom of God will start small but eventually grow to permeate everything. Jesus’ point was not to be deceived by its seemingly small start, the same point made in the parable of the mustard seed, which preceded this one.]
34Jesus spoke all these things in parables to the crowds; he did not speak to them without a parable.
35This fulfilled what was spoken by the prophet:[#tc A few important mss (א* Θ Ë1,13 33) identify the prophet as Isaiah, a reading that is significantly harder than the generic “prophet” because the source of this prophecy is not Isaiah but Asaph in Ps 78. Jerome mentioned some mss that had “Asaph” here, though none are known to exist today. This problem is difficult because of the temptation for scribes to delete the reference to Isaiah in order to clear up a discrepancy. Indeed, the vast majority of witnesses have only “the prophet” here (א1 B C D L W 0233 0242 Ï lat sy co). However, as B. M. Metzger points out, “if no prophet were originally named, more than one scribe might have been prompted to insert the name of the best known prophet – something which has, in fact, happened elsewhere more than once” (TCGNT 27). In light of the paucity of evidence for the reading ᾿Ησαΐου, as well as the proclivity of scribes to add his name, it is probably best to consider the shorter reading as authentic.tn Grk “was spoken by the prophet, saying.” The participle λέγοντος (legontos) is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.]
“I will open my mouth in parables,
. ”
36Then he left the crowds and went into the house. And his disciples came to him saying, “Explain to us the parable of the weeds in the field.”
37He answered, “The one who sowed the good seed is the Son of Man.[#tn Grk “And answering, he said.” This construction is somewhat redundant in English and has been simplified in the translation. Here δέ (de) has not been translated.]
38The field is the world and the good seed are the people of the kingdom. The weeds are the people of the evil one,[#tn Grk “the sons of the kingdom.” This idiom refers to people who should properly be, or were traditionally regarded as, a part of God’s kingdom. L&N 11.13 translates the phrase: “people of God’s kingdom, God’s people.”; #tn Grk “the sons of the evil one.” See the preceding note on the phrase “people of the kingdom” earlier in this verse, which is the opposite of this phrase. See also L&N 9.4; 11.13; 11.14.]
39and the enemy who sows them is the devil. The harvest is the end of the age, and the reapers are angels.
40As the weeds are collected and burned with fire, so it will be at the end of the age.[#tn Grk “Therefore as.” Here οὖν (oun) has not been translated.]
41The Son of Man will send his angels, and they will gather from his kingdom everything that causes sin as well as all lawbreakers.[#tn Grk “the ones who practice lawlessness.”]
42They will throw them into the fiery furnace , where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.[#sn A quotation from Dan 3:6.]
43Then the righteous will shine like the sun in the kingdom of their Father . The one who has ears had better listen![#sn An allusion to Dan 12:3.; #tn The translation “had better listen!” captures the force of the third person imperative more effectively than the traditional “let him hear,” which sounds more like a permissive than an imperative to the modern English reader. This was Jesus’ common expression to listen and heed carefully (cf. Matt 11:15, 13:9; Mark 4:9, 23; Luke 8:8, 14:35).]
44“The kingdom of heaven is like a treasure, hidden in a field, that a person found and hid. Then because of joy he went and sold all that he had and bought that field.
45“Again, the kingdom of heaven is like a merchant searching for fine pearls.
46When he found a pearl of great value, he went out and sold everything he had and bought it.
47“Again, the kingdom of heaven is like a net that was cast into the sea that caught all kinds of fish.
48When it was full, they pulled it ashore, sat down, and put the good fish into containers and threw the bad away.
49It will be this way at the end of the age. Angels will come and separate the evil from the righteous
50and throw them into the fiery furnace , where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.[#sn An allusion to Dan 3:6.]
51“Have you understood all these things?” They replied, “Yes.”
52Then he said to them, “Therefore every expert in the law who has been trained for the kingdom of heaven is like the owner of a house who brings out of his treasure what is new and old.”[#tn Or “every scribe.” See the note on the phrase “experts in the law” in 2:4. It is possible that the term translated “expert in the law” (traditionally, “scribe”) here is a self-description used by the author, Matthew, to represent his role in conveying the traditions about Jesus to his intended audience. See David E. Orton, The Understanding Scribe [JSNTSup].]
53Now when Jesus finished these parables, he moved on from there.[#tn Grk “Now it happened that when.” The introductory phrase καὶ ἐγένετο (kai egeneto, “it happened that”) is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.]
54Then he came to his hometown and began to teach the people in their synagogue. They were astonished and said, “Where did this man get such wisdom and miraculous powers?[#tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “Then.”; #sn Jesus’ hometown (where he spent his childhood years) was Nazareth, about 20 miles (30 km) southwest of Capernaum.; #tn Grk “them”; the referent (the people) has been specified in the translation for clarity.; #sn See the note on synagogues in 4:23. Jesus undoubtedly took the opportunity on this occasion to speak about his person and mission, and the relation of both to OT fulfillment.; #tn Grk “synagogue, so that they.” Here ὥστε (Jwste) has not been translated. Instead a new sentence was started in the translation.]
55Isn’t this the carpenter’s son? Isn’t his mother named Mary? And aren’t his brothers James, Joseph, Simon, and Judas?[#sn The reference to Jesus as the carpenter’s son is probably derogatory, indicating that they knew Jesus only as a common laborer like themselves. The reference to his mother…Mary (even though Jesus’ father was probably dead by this point) appears to be somewhat derogatory, for a man was not regarded as his mother’s son in Jewish usage unless an insult was intended (cf. Judg 11:1-2; John 4:41; 8:41; 9:29).]
56And aren’t all his sisters here with us? Where did he get all this?”[#tn Grk “Where did he get these things?”]
57And so they took offense at him. But Jesus said to them, “A prophet is not without honor except in his hometown and in his own house.”
58And he did not do many miracles there because of their unbelief.