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1On the east side of the Jordan, Moses and the Israelites had conquered two kings, Sihon and Og . The Israelites occupied their territory, which extended from the Arnon Valley in the south to Mount Hermon in the north , including the entire eastern desert.[#12:1 Or “all the eastern Arabah [dry and desolate area].”]
2Sihon, king of the Amorites, reigned in Heshbon and ruled over the southern half of Gilead, from Aroer on the edge of the Arnon River Valley in the south to the River Jabbok in the north , which is the border of the Ammonites.[#12:2 Heshbon, the capital city of the Amorites, was about fifteen miles northeast of the northern end of the Dead Sea. Heshbon means “reasoning” or “stronghold” and hints at the mind of man.]
3The western area of his kingdom included the eastern desert from Lake Galilee to the Dead Sea (the Salt Sea). His territory included the area east of the Dead Sea as far as the town of Beth Jeshimoth and as far south as Mount Pisgah.[#12:3 Or “House of Deserts.”]
4Og, the king of Bashan, was one of the last of the race of giants. He reigned in the cities of Ashtaroth and Edrei. He ruled over all of Bashan, the northern half of Gilead, to the boundary of Sihon, king of Heshbon.[#12:4 Bashan means “snake.” It is the region east and northeast of Lake Galilee.; #12:4 Or “Rephaites [giants].” For the defeat of King Og, see Num. 21:33–35.; #12:4 Ashtaroth (also the name of a Canaanite goddess) and Edrei are two cities to the east and southeast of Lake Galilee. Edrei means “by force” or “power.”]
5His territory included Mount Hermon in the north and Salecah in the east , and south to the boundary of the Geshurites and the Maacathites.
6Moses and the Israelites conquered the two kings, Sihon and Og. Moses, the servant of Yahweh , divided their land east of the Jordan among the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and half the tribe of Manasseh.
7On the west side of the Jordan, Joshua and the Israelites defeated thirty-one kings, from Baal-Gad in the Lebanon Valley in the north to Mount Halak in the south near Edom. Then Joshua divided this land among the tribes of Israel and gave them their portions as permanent possessions—[#12:7 Or “which rises toward Seir,” a mountainous region of Edom.]
8the hill country, the western foothills, and the Jordan Valley, the mountain slopes, the wilderness of Judea , and the southern desert region—the land of the Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites.[#12:8 Or “the eastern slopes.”]
9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23-24Here is the list of the thirty-one kings destroyed by Joshua :[#12:9–24 The number thirty-one is also found in 2 Kings 22:1 in reference to the righteous reformer King Josiah (similar in Hb. to Joshua) who reigned thirty-one years.]
1. The king of Jericho
2. The king of Ai near Bethel
3. The king of Jerusalem
4. The king of Hebron
5. The king of Jarmuth
6. The king of Lachish
7. The king of Eglon
8. The king of Gezer
9. The king of Debir
10. The king of Geder
11. The king of Hormah
12. The king of Arad
13. The king of Libnah
14. The king of Adullam
15. The king of Makkedah
16. The king of Bethel
17. The king of Tappuah
18. The king of Hepher
19. The king of Aphek
20. The king of Lasharon
21. The king of Madon
22. The king of Hazor
23. The king of Shimron Meron
24. The king of Achshaph
25. The king of Taanach
26. The king of Megiddo
27. The king of Kedesh
28. The king of Jokneam in Carmel
29. The king of Dor on the coast
30. The king of Goyim in Galilee
31. The king of Tirzah