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1Abram’s wife Sarai had borne him no children. Now she had an Egyptian maidservant named Hagar.[#Gn 11:30.]
2Sarai said to Abram: “The Lord has kept me from bearing children. Have intercourse with my maid; perhaps I will have sons through her.” Abram obeyed Sarai.[#The custom of an infertile wife providing her husband with a concubine to produce children is widely attested in ancient Near Eastern law; e.g., an Old Assyrian marriage contract states that the wife must provide her husband with a concubine if she does not bear children within two years.; #Gn 21:8–9; Gal 4:22.]
3Thus, after Abram had lived ten years in the land of Canaan, his wife Sarai took her maid, Hagar the Egyptian, and gave her to her husband Abram to be his wife.
4He had intercourse with her, and she became pregnant. As soon as Hagar knew she was pregnant, her mistress lost stature in her eyes.[#Because barrenness was at that time normally blamed on the woman and regarded as a disgrace, it is not surprising that Hagar looks down on Sarah. Ancient Near Eastern legal practice addresses such cases of insolent slaves and allows disciplining of them. Prv 30:23 uses as an example of intolerable behavior “a maidservant when she ousts her mistress.”; #1 Sm 1:6; Prv 30:23.]
5So Sarai said to Abram: “This outrage against me is your fault. I myself gave my maid to your embrace; but ever since she knew she was pregnant, I have lost stature in her eyes. May the Lord decide between you and me!”[#Gn 21:10–19.]
6Abram told Sarai: “Your maid is in your power. Do to her what you regard as right.” Sarai then mistreated her so much that Hagar ran away from her.
7The Lord ’s angel found her by a spring in the wilderness, the spring on the road to Shur,[#ord : a manifestation of God in human form; in v. 13 the messenger is identified with God. See note on Ex 3:2.; #Ex 15:22.]
8and he asked, “Hagar, maid of Sarai, where have you come from and where are you going?” She answered, “I am running away from my mistress, Sarai.”
9But the Lord ’s angel told her: “Go back to your mistress and submit to her authority.
10I will make your descendants so numerous,” added the Lord ’s angel, “that they will be too many to count.”[#Gn 17:20; 21:13, 18; 25:12–18.]
11Then the Lord ’s angel said to her:
“You are now pregnant and shall bear a son;
you shall name him Ishmael,
For the Lord has heeded your affliction.
12He shall be a wild ass of a man,
his hand against everyone,
and everyone’s hand against him;
Alongside all his kindred
shall he encamp.”
13To the Lord who spoke to her she gave a name, saying, “You are God who sees me”; she meant, “Have I really seen God and remained alive after he saw me?”[#: Hebrew el-ro’i is multivalent, meaning either “God of seeing,” i.e., extends his protection to me, or “God sees,” which can imply seeing human suffering (29:32; Ex 2:25; Is 57:18; 58:3). It is probable that Hagar means to express both of these aspects. : for the ancient notion that a person died on seeing God, see Gn 32:31; Ex 20:19; Dt 4:33; Jgs 13:22.; #Gn 24:62.]
14That is why the well is called Beer-lahai-roi. It is between Kadesh and Bered.[#: possible translations of the name of the well include: “spring of the living one who sees me”; “the well of the living sight”; or “the one who sees me lives.” See note on v. 13.]
15Hagar bore Abram a son, and Abram named the son whom Hagar bore him Ishmael.[#Gn 16:2; Gal 4:22.]
16Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore him Ishmael.