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1Now I mean that the heir, as long as he is a minor, is no different from a slave, though he is the owner of everything.[#tn Grk “a small child.” The Greek term νήπιος (nhpios) refers to a young child, no longer a helpless infant but probably not more than three or four years old (L&N 9.43). The point in context, though, is that this child is too young to take any responsibility for the management of his assets.; #tn Grk “master” or “lord” (κύριος, kurios).]
2But he is under guardians and managers until the date set by his father.[#tn The Greek term translated “guardians” here is ἐπίτροπος (epitropo"), whose semantic domain overlaps with that of παιδαγωγός (paidagwgo") according to L&N 36.5.; #tn Grk “the,” but the Greek article is used here as a possessive pronoun (ExSyn 215).]
3So also we, when we were minors, were enslaved under the basic forces of the world.[#tn See the note on the word “minor” in 4:1.; #tn Or “basic principles,” “elemental things,” or “elemental spirits.” Some interpreters take this as a reference to supernatural powers who controlled nature and/or human fate.]
4But when the appropriate time had come, God sent out his Son, born of a woman, born under the law,[#tn Grk “the fullness of time” (an idiom for the totality of a period of time, with the implication of proper completion; see L&N 67.69).]
5to redeem those who were under the law, so that we may be adopted as sons with full rights.[#tn The Greek term υἱοθεσία (Juioqesia) was originally a legal technical term for adoption as a son with full rights of inheritance. BDAG 1024 s.v. notes, “a legal t.t. of ‘adoption’ of children, in our lit., i.e. in Paul, only in a transferred sense of a transcendent filial relationship between God and humans (with the legal aspect, not gender specificity, as major semantic component).” Although some modern translations remove the filial sense completely and render the term merely “adoption” (cf. NAB), the retention of this component of meaning was accomplished in the present translation by the phrase “as sons.”]
6And because you are sons, God sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, who calls “Abba! Father!”[#tn Grk “calling.” The participle is neuter indicating that the Spirit is the one who calls.; #tn The term “Abba” is the Greek transliteration of the Aramaic אַבָּא (’abba’), literally meaning “my father” but taken over simply as “father,” used in prayer and in the family circle, and later taken over by the early Greek-speaking Christians (BDAG 1 s.v. ἀββα).]
7So you are no longer a slave but a son, and if you are a son, then you are also an heir through God.[#tn Grk “and if a son, then also an heir.” The words “you are” have been supplied twice to clarify the statement.; #tc The unusual expression διὰ θεοῦ (dia qeou, “through God”) certainly prompted scribes to alter it to more customary or theologically acceptable ones such as διὰ θεόν (dia qeon, “because of God”; F G 1881 pc), διὰ Χριστοῦ (dia Cristou, “through Christ”; 81 630 pc sa), διὰ ᾿Ιησοῦ Χριστοῦ (dia Ihsou Cristou, “through Jesus Christ”; 1739c), θεοῦ διὰ Χριστοῦ (“[an heir] of God through Christ”; א2 C3 D [P] 0278 [6 326 1505] Ï ar sy), or κληρονόμος μὲν θεοῦ, συγκληρονόμος δὲ Χριστοῦ (klhronomo" men qeou, sugklhronomo" de Cristou, “an heir of God, and fellow-heir with Christ”; Ψ pc [cf. Rom 8:17]). Although it is unusual for Paul to speak of God as an intermediate agent, it is not unprecedented (cf. Gal 1:1; 1 Cor 1:9). Nevertheless, Gal 4:7 is the most direct statement to this effect. Further testimony on behalf of διὰ θεοῦ is to be found in external evidence: The witnesses with this phrase are among the most important in the NT (Ì46 א* A B C* 33 1739*vid lat bo Cl).]
8Formerly when you did not know God, you were enslaved to beings that by nature are not gods at all.[#tn Grk “those that by nature…” with the word “beings” implied. BDAG 1070 s.v. φύσις 2 sees this as referring to pagan worship: “Polytheists worship…beings that are by nature no gods at all Gal 4:8.”]
9But now that you have come to know God (or rather to be known by God), how can you turn back again to the weak and worthless basic forces? Do you want to be enslaved to them all over again?[#tn Or “useless.” See L&N 65.16.; #tn See the note on the phrase “basic forces” in 4:3.; #tn Grk “basic forces, to which you want to be enslaved…” Verse 9 is a single sentence in the Greek text, but has been divided into two in the translation because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence.]
10You are observing religious days and months and seasons and years.[#tn The adjective “religious” has been supplied in the translation to make clear that the problem concerns observing certain days, etc. in a religious sense (cf. NIV, NRSV “special days”). In light of the polemic in this letter against the Judaizers (those who tried to force observance of the Mosaic law on Gentile converts to Christianity) this may well be a reference to the observance of Jewish Sabbaths, feasts, and other religious days.]
11I fear for you that my work for you may have been in vain.
12I beg you, brothers and sisters, become like me, because I have become like you. You have done me no wrong![#tn Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 1:11.]
13But you know it was because of a physical illness that I first proclaimed the gospel to you,
14and though my physical condition put you to the test, you did not despise or reject me. Instead, you welcomed me as though I were an angel of God, as though I were Christ Jesus himself![#tn Grk “your trial in my flesh you did not despise or reject.”; #tn Or “the angel of God.” Linguistically, “angel of God” is the same in both testaments (and thus, he is either “an angel of God” or “the angel of God” in both testaments). For arguments and implications, see ExSyn 252; M. J. Davidson, “Angels,” DJG, 9; W. G. MacDonald argues for “an angel” in both testaments: “Christology and ‘The Angel of the Lord’,” Current Issues in Biblical and Patristic Interpretation, 324-35.; #tn Grk “as an angel of God…as Christ Jesus.” This could be understood to mean either “you welcomed me like an angel of God would,” or “you welcomed me as though I were an angel of God.” In context only the second is accurate, so the translation has been phrased to indicate this.]
15Where then is your sense of happiness now? For I testify about you that if it were possible, you would have pulled out your eyes and given them to me![#tn Or “blessedness.”]
16So then, have I become your enemy by telling you the truth?[#tn Or “have I become your enemy because I am telling you the truth?” The participle ἀληθεύων (alhqeuwn) can be translated as a causal adverbial participle or as a participle of means (as in the translation).]
17They court you eagerly, but for no good purpose; they want to exclude you, so that you would seek them eagerly.[#tn Or “They are zealous for you.”; #tn Or “but not commendably” (BDAG 505 s.v. καλῶς 2).; #tn Or “so that you would be zealous.”]
18However, it is good to be sought eagerly for a good purpose at all times, and not only when I am present with you.[#tn Or “commendable.”; #tn Or “to be zealous.”; #tn Grk “But it is always good to be zealous in good.”]
19My children – I am again undergoing birth pains until Christ is formed in you![#tn Grk “My children, for whom I am again undergoing birth pains until Christ is formed in you.” The relative clauses in English do not pick up the emotional force of Paul’s language here (note “tone of voice” in v. 20, indicating that he is passionately concerned for them); hence, the translation has been altered slightly to capture the connotative power of Paul’s plea.sn That is, until Christ’s nature or character is formed in them (see L&N 58.4).]
20I wish I could be with you now and change my tone of voice, because I am perplexed about you.[#tn Grk “voice” or “tone.” The contemporary English expression “tone of voice” is a good approximation to the meaning here.]
21Tell me, you who want to be under the law, do you not understand the law?[#tn Or “will you not hear what the law says?” The Greek verb ἀκούω (akouw) means “hear, listen to,” but by figurative extension it can also mean “obey.” It can also refer to the process of comprehension that follows hearing, and that sense fits the context well here.]
22For it is written that Abraham had two sons, one by the slave woman and the other by the free woman.[#tn Paul’s use of the Greek article here and before the phrase “free woman” presumes that both these characters are well known to the recipients of his letter. This verse is given as an example of the category called “well-known (‘celebrity’ or ‘familiar’) article” by ExSyn 225.]
23But one, the son by the slave woman, was born by natural descent, while the other, the son by the free woman, was born through the promise.[#tn Grk “born according to the flesh”; BDAG 916 s.v. σάρξ 4 has “Of natural descent τὰ τέκνα τῆς σαρκός children by natural descent Ro 9:8 (opp. τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐπαγγελίας). ὁ μὲν ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης κατὰ σάρκα γεγέννηται Gal 4:23; cp. vs. 29.”]
24These things may be treated as an allegory, for these women represent two covenants. One is from Mount Sinai bearing children for slavery; this is Hagar.[#tn Grk “which things are spoken about allegorically.” Paul is not saying the OT account is an allegory, but rather that he is constructing an allegory based on the OT account.]
25Now Hagar represents Mount Sinai in Arabia and corresponds to the present Jerusalem, for she is in slavery with her children.
26But the Jerusalem above is free, and she is our mother.[#sn The meaning of the statement the Jerusalem above is free is that the other woman represents the second covenant (cf. v. 24); she corresponds to the Jerusalem above that is free. Paul’s argument is very condensed at this point.]
27For it is written:
“Rejoice, O barren woman who does not bear children;
break forth and shout, you who have no birth pains,
because the children of the desolate woman are more numerous
than those of the woman who has a husband .”
28But you, brothers and sisters, are children of the promise like Isaac.[#tc Most mss (א A C D2 Ψ 062 Ï lat sy bo) read “we” here, while “you” is found in Ì46 B D* F G 0261vid 0278 33 1739 al sa. It is more likely that a copyist, noticing the first person pronouns in vv. 26 and 31, changed a second person pronoun here to first person for consistency.; #tn Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 1:11.]
29But just as at that time the one born by natural descent persecuted the one born according to the Spirit, so it is now.[#tn Grk “according to the flesh”; see the note on the phrase “by natural descent” in 4:23.; #tn Or “the one born by the Spirit’s [power].”]
30But what does the scripture say? “, ” of the free woman.[#sn A quotation from Gen 21:10. The phrase of the free woman does not occur in Gen 21:10.]
31Therefore, brothers and sisters, we are not children of the slave woman but of the free woman.[#tn Grk “brothers.” See note on the phrase “brothers and sisters” in 1:11.]