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1These are the names of the sons of Israel who came to Egypt with Jacob; each came with his family:[#1:1 Gn 46:8]
2Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah;
3Issachar, Zebulun, and Benjamin;
4Dan and Naphtali; Gad and Asher.
5The total number of Jacob’s descendants was seventy; , Joseph was already in Egypt.[#1:5 Lit of people issuing from Jacob’s loins; #1:5 LXX, DSS read 75 ; Gn 46:27; Ac 7:14; #1:5 Gn 46:26–27; Dt 10:22]
6Joseph and all his brothers and all that generation eventually died.[#1:6 Gn 50:26]
7But the Israelites were fruitful, increased rapidly, multiplied, and became extremely numerous so that the land was filled with them.[#1:7 Gn 12:2; 46:3; Dt 26:5; Ac 7:17]
8A new king, who did not know about Joseph, came to power in Egypt.
9He said to his people, ‘Look, the Israelite people are more numerous and powerful than we are.[#1:9 Ps 105:24]
10Come, let’s deal shrewdly with them; otherwise they will multiply further, and when war breaks out, they will join our enemies, fight against us, and leave the country.’[#1:10 Ps 83:3–4; Ac 7:19]
11So the Egyptians assigned taskmasters over the Israelites to oppress them with forced labour. They built Pithom and Rameses as supply cities for Pharaoh.[#1:11 Gn 15:13; Ex 2:11; 3:7; 5:4–5; 6:6; Dt 26:6; #1:11 Gn 47:11; 1Kg 9:19; 2Ch 8:4]
12But the more they oppressed them, the more they multiplied and spread so that the Egyptians came to dread the Israelites.[#1:12 Or Egyptians loathed]
13They worked the Israelites ruthlessly[#1:13 Dt 4:20]
14and made their lives bitter with difficult labour in brick and mortar and in all kinds of fieldwork. They ruthlessly imposed all this work on them.[#1:14 Ex 2:23; Nm 20:15; Ac 7:19]
15The king of Egypt said to the Hebrew midwives #– #the first, whose name was Shiphrah, and the second, whose name was Puah #– #
16‘When you help the Hebrew women give birth, observe them as they deliver. If the child is a son, kill him, but if it’s a daughter, she may live.’
17The midwives, however, feared God and did not do as the king of Egypt had told them; they let the boys live.[#1:17 Ex 1:21; Pr 16:6; #1:17 Dn 3:16–18; Ac 4:18–20; 5:29]
18So the king of Egypt summoned the midwives and asked them, ‘Why have you done this and let the boys live? ’
19The midwives said to Pharaoh, ‘The Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women, for they are vigorous and give birth before the midwife can get to them.’[#1:19 Jos 2:4; 2Sm 17:20]
20So God was good to the midwives, and the people multiplied and became very numerous.[#1:20 Pr 11:18; Is 3:10]
21Since the midwives feared God, he gave them families.[#1:21 1Sm 2:35; 2Sm 7:11,27; 1Kg 11:38; Ps 127:1]
22Pharaoh then commanded all his people, ‘You must throw every son born to the Hebrews into the Nile, but let every daughter live.’[#1:22 Gn 41:1; Ac 7:19]