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1Paul, an apostle not from human beings nor through a human being but through Jesus Christ and God the Father who raised him from the dead,[#Rom 1:1–7; 1 Cor 1:1–3.; #: because of attacks on his authority in Galatia, Paul defends his apostleship. He is not an apostle commissioned by a congregation (Phil 2:25; 2 Cor 8:23) or even by prophets (1 Tm 1:18; 4:14) but .; #1:11–12.]
2and all the brothers who are with me, to the churches of Galatia:[#: fellow believers in Christ, male and female; cf. Gal 3:27–28. Paul usually mentions the co-sender(s) at the start of a letter, but the use of all is unique, adding weight to the letter. : central Turkey more likely than the Roman province of Galatia; see Introduction.]
3grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ,
4who gave himself for our sins that he might rescue us from the present evil age in accord with the will of our God and Father,[#The greeting in v. 3 is expanded by a christological formula that stresses deliverance through the Lord Jesus from a world dominated by Satan; cf. 2 Cor 4:4; Eph 2:2; 6:12.; #2:20; Eph 5:2; 1 Tm 2:6 / 1 Jn 5:19 / Rom 12:2; Eph 5:16; Heb 10:10.]
5to whom be glory forever and ever. Amen.[#Rom 16:27; 2 Tm 4:18.]
6I am amazed that you are so quickly forsaking the one who called you by [the] grace [of Christ] for a different gospel[#5:8, 10; Acts 15:1, 24; 2 Cor 11:4.; #: God or Christ, though in actuality Paul was the divine instrument to call the Galatians.]
7(not that there is another). But there are some who are disturbing you and wish to pervert the gospel of Christ.
8But even if we or an angel from heaven should preach [to you] a gospel other than the one that we preached to you, let that one be accursed![#1 Cor 16:22 / Gal 5:3, 21; 2 Cor 13:2.; #: in Greek, anathema ; cf. Rom 9:3; 1 Cor 12:3; 16:22.]
9As we have said before, and now I say again, if anyone preaches to you a gospel other than the one that you received, let that one be accursed!
10Am I now currying favor with human beings or God? Or am I seeking to please people? If I were still trying to please people, I would not be a slave of Christ.[#2 Cor 5:11 / 1 Thes 2:4.; #This charge by Paul’s opponents, that he sought to conciliate people with flattery and to curry favor with God, might refer to his mission practices (cf. 1 Cor 9:19–23) but the word suggests it refers to his pre-Christian days (cf. Gal 1:14; Phil 3:6). The self-description is one Paul often uses in a greeting (Rom 1:1).]
His Call by Christ.
11Now I want you to know, brothers, that the gospel preached by me is not of human origin.[#1 Cor 15:1 / Gal 1:1; Eph 3:3.]
12For I did not receive it from a human being, nor was I taught it, but it came through a revelation of Jesus Christ.[#Although Paul received his gospel from Christ, this did not exclude his use of early Christian confessional formulations. See note on Gal 1:4.]
13For you heard of my former way of life in Judaism, how I persecuted the church of God beyond measure and tried to destroy it,[#Along with Phil 3:4–11, which also moves from autobiography to its climax in a discussion on justification by faith (cf. Gal 2:15–21), this passage is Paul’s chief account of the change from his (Gal 1:13) to service as a Christian missionary (Gal 1:16); cf. Acts 9:1–22; 22:4–16; 26:9–18. Paul himself does not use the term “conversion” but stresses revelation (Gal 1:12, 16). In Gal 1:15 his language echoes the Old Testament prophetic call of Jeremiah. Unlike the account in Acts (cf. Acts 22:4–16), the calling of Paul here includes the mission to proclaim Christ (Gal 1:16).; #Acts 8:1–3; 9:1–2; 1 Cor 15:9.]
14and progressed in Judaism beyond many of my contemporaries among my race, since I was even more a zealot for my ancestral traditions.[#Acts 26:4–5.]
15But when [God], who from my mother’s womb had set me apart and called me through his grace, was pleased[#Is 49:1; Jer 1:4.]
16to reveal his Son to me, so that I might proclaim him to the Gentiles, I did not immediately consult flesh and blood,[#1:11–12; Rom 1:5; 1 Cor 15:10; Acts 9:3–9 / Gal 2:2, 7 / Mt 16:17.; #: human authorities (cf. Mt 16:17; 1 Cor 15:50). Paul’s apostleship comes from God (Gal 1:1).]
17nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who were apostles before me; rather, I went into Arabia and then returned to Damascus.[#: probably the region of the Nabataean Arabs, east and south of Damascus.]
18Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to confer with Cephas and remained with him for fifteen days.[#Paul’s first journey to Jerusalem as a Christian, according to Galatians (cf. Acts 9:23–31 and the note on Acts 12:25). He is quite explicit about contacts there, testifying under oath (Gal 1:20). On returning to (perhaps specifically Damascus, cf. Gal 1:17) (including his home town Tarsus, cf. Acts 9:30; 22:3), Paul most likely engaged in missionary work. He underscores the fact that Christians in Judea knew of him only by reputation.; #: two years and more, since Paul’s call. To Cephas may mean simply “pay a visit” or more specifically “get information from” him about Jesus, over a two-week period. : Aramaic name of Simon (Peter); cf. Mt 16:16–18 and the notes there.; #Acts 9:26–30 / Jn 1:42.]
19But I did not see any other of the apostles, only James the brother of the Lord.[#2:9; Mt 13:55; Acts 12:17.; #: not one of the Twelve, but a brother of Jesus (see note on Mk 6:3). He played an important role in the Jerusalem church (see note on Gal 2:9), the leadership of which he took over from Peter (Acts 12:17). Paul may have regarded James as an apostle.]
20(As to what I am writing to you, behold, before God, I am not lying.)[#Rom 9:1; 2 Cor 11:31.]
21Then I went into the regions of Syria and Cilicia.[#Acts 9:30.]
22And I was unknown personally to the churches of Judea that are in Christ;
23they only kept hearing that “the one who once was persecuting us is now preaching the faith he once tried to destroy.”[#1:13.]
24So they glorified God because of me.