Joseph and Potiphar’s Wife

¹Now Joseph had been brought down to Egypt. An Egyptian named Potiphar, an official of Pharaoh and the captain of the guard, purchased him from the Ishmaelites who had brought him there.[#tn The disjunctive clause resumes the earlier narrative pertaining to Joseph by recapitulating the event described in 37:36. The perfect verbal form is given a past perfect translation to restore the sequence of the narrative for the reader.; #sn Captain of the guard. See the note on this phrase in Gen 37:36.; #tn Heb “from the hand of.”]

²The Lord was with Joseph. He was successful and lived in the household of his Egyptian master.[#tn Heb “and he was a prosperous man.” This does not mean that Joseph became wealthy, but that he was successful in what he was doing, or making progress in his situation (see 24:21).; #tn Heb “and he was.”]

³His master observed that the Lord was with him and that the Lord made everything he was doing successful.[#tn The Hebrew text adds “in his hand,” a phrase not included in the translation for stylistic reasons.]

⁴So Joseph found favor in his sight and became his personal attendant. Potiphar appointed Joseph overseer of his household and put him in charge of everything he owned.[#sn The Hebrew verb translated became his personal attendant refers to higher domestic service, usually along the lines of a personal attendant. Here Joseph is made the household steward, a position well-attested in Egyptian literature.; #tn Heb “him”; the referent (Joseph) has been specified in the translation for clarity.; #tn Heb “put into his hand.”]

⁵From the time Potiphar appointed him over his household and over all that he owned, the Lord blessed the Egyptian’s household for Joseph’s sake. The blessing of the Lord was on everything that he had, both in his house and in his fields.[#tn Heb “and it was from then.”; #tn Heb “he”; the referent (Potiphar) has been specified in the translation for clarity.; #sn The Hebrew word translated blessed carries the idea of enrichment, prosperity, success. It is the way believers describe success at the hand of God. The text illustrates the promise made to Abraham that whoever blesses his descendants will be blessed (Gen 12:1-3).; #tn Heb “in the house and in the field.” The word “both” has been supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.; #sn The passage gives us a good picture of Joseph as a young man who was responsible and faithful, both to his master and to his God. This happened within a very short time of his being sold into Egypt. It undermines the view that Joseph was a liar, a tattletale, and an arrogant adolescent.]

⁶So Potiphar left everything he had in Joseph’s care; he gave no thought to anything except the food he ate.[#tn Heb “he”; the referent (Potiphar) has been specified in the translation for clarity.; #sn The Hebrew verb translated left indicates he relinquished the care of it to Joseph. This is stronger than what was said earlier. Apparently Potiphar had come to trust Joseph so much that he knew it was in better care with Joseph than with anyone else.; #tn Heb “hand.” This is a metonymy for being under the control or care of Joseph.; #tn Heb “did not know.”; #sn The expression except the food he ate probably refers to Potiphar’s private affairs and should not be limited literally to what he ate.]

Now Joseph was well built and good-looking.

⁷Soon after these things, his master’s wife took notice of Joseph and said, “Have sex with me.”[#tn Heb “she lifted up her eyes toward,” an expression that emphasizes her deliberate and careful scrutiny of him.; #tn Heb “lie with me.” Here the expression “lie with” is a euphemism for sexual intercourse.sn The story of Joseph and Potiphar’s wife has long been connected with the wisdom warnings about the strange woman who tries to seduce the young man with her boldness and directness (see Prov 5-7, especially 7:6-27). This is part of the literary background of the story of Joseph that gives it a wisdom flavor. See G. von Rad, God at Work in Israel, 19-35; and G. W. Coats, “The Joseph Story and Ancient Wisdom: A Reappraisal,” CBQ 35 (1973): 285-97.]

⁸But he refused, saying to his master’s wife, “Look, my master does not give any thought to his household with me here, and everything that he owns he has put into my care.[#tn Heb “and he said.”; #tn Heb “know.”; #tn The word “here” has been supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.; #tn Heb “hand.” This is a metonymy for being under the control or care of Joseph.]

⁹There is no one greater in this household than I am. He has withheld nothing from me except you because you are his wife. So how could I do such a great evil and sin against God?”[#tn The nuance of potential imperfect fits this context.]

¹⁰Even though she continued to speak to Joseph day after day, he did not respond to her invitation to have sex with her.[#tn The verse begins with the temporal indicator, followed by the infinitive construct with the preposition כְּ (kÿ). This clause could therefore be taken as temporal.; #tn Heb “listen to.”; #tn Heb “to lie beside her to be with her.” Here the expression “to lie beside” is a euphemism for sexual intercourse.]

¹¹One day he went into the house to do his work when none of the household servants were there in the house.[#tn Heb “and it was about this day.”; #tn Heb “the men of the house.”]

¹²She grabbed him by his outer garment, saying, “Have sex with me!” But he left his outer garment in her hand and ran outside.[#tn Heb “he fled and he went out.” The construction emphasizes the point that Joseph got out of there quickly.; #sn For discussion of this episode, see A. M. Honeyman, “The Occasion of Joseph’s Temptation,” VT 2 (1952): 85-87.]

¹³When she saw that he had left his outer garment in her hand and had run outside,

¹⁴she called for her household servants and said to them, “See, my husband brought in a Hebrew man to us to humiliate us. He tried to have sex with me, but I screamed loudly.[#tn The verb has no expressed subject, and so it could be treated as a passive (“a Hebrew man was brought in”; cf. NIV). But it is clear from the context that her husband brought Joseph into the household, so Potiphar is the apparent referent here. Thus the translation supplies “my husband” as the referent of the unspecified pronominal subject of the verb (cf. NEB, NRSV).; #sn A Hebrew man. Potiphar’s wife raises the ethnic issue when talking to her servants about what their boss had done.; #tn Heb “to make fun of us.” The verb translated “to humiliate us” here means to hold something up for ridicule, or to toy with something harmfully. Attempted rape would be such an activity, for it would hold the victim in contempt.; #tn Heb “he came to me to lie with me.” Here the expression “lie with” is a euphemism for sexual intercourse.; #tn Heb “and I cried out with a loud voice.”]

¹⁵When he heard me raise my voice and scream, he left his outer garment beside me and ran outside.”[#tn Heb “that I raised.”]

¹⁶So she laid his outer garment beside her until his master came home.

¹⁷This is what she said to him: “That Hebrew slave you brought to us tried to humiliate me,[#tn Heb “and she spoke to him according to these words, saying.”; #sn That Hebrew slave. Now, when speaking to her husband, Potiphar’s wife refers to Joseph as a Hebrew slave, a very demeaning description.; #tn Heb “came to me to make fun of me.” The statement needs no explanation because of the connotations of “came to me” and “to make fun of me.” See the note on the expression “humiliate us” in v. 14.]

¹⁸but when I raised my voice and screamed, he left his outer garment and ran outside.”

¹⁹When his master heard his wife say, “This is the way your slave treated me,” he became furious.[#tn Heb “and when his master heard the words of his wife which she spoke to him, saying.”; #tn Heb “according to these words.”; #tn Heb “did to me.”; #tn Heb “his anger burned.”]

²⁰Joseph’s master took him and threw him into the prison, the place where the king’s prisoners were confined. So he was there in the prison.[#tn Heb “the house of roundness,” suggesting that the prison might have been a fortress or citadel.; #sn The story of Joseph is filled with cycles and repetition: He has two dreams (chap. 37), he interprets two dreams in prison (chap. 40) and the two dreams of Pharaoh (chap. 41), his brothers make two trips to see him (chaps. 42-43), and here, for the second time (see 37:24), he is imprisoned for no good reason, with only his coat being used as evidence. For further discussion see H. Jacobsen, “A Legal Note on Potiphar’s Wife,” HTR 69 (1976): 177.]

²¹But the Lord was with Joseph and showed him kindness. He granted him favor in the sight of the prison warden.[#tn Heb “and he extended to him loyal love.”; #tn Or “the chief jailer” (also in the following verses).]

²²The warden put all the prisoners under Joseph’s care. He was in charge of whatever they were doing.[#tn Heb “all which they were doing there, he was doing.” This probably means that Joseph was in charge of everything that went on in the prison.]

²³The warden did not concern himself with anything that was in Joseph’s care because the Lord was with him and whatever he was doing the Lord was making successful.[#tn Heb “was not looking at anything.”; #tn Heb “his”; the referent (Joseph) has been specified in the translation for clarity.]