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1Paul, a prisoner for Christ Jesus, and Timothy our brother, to Philemon, our beloved and our co-worker,[#1] : as often elsewhere (cf. Romans, 1 Corinthians, Galatians especially), the second word in Greek enunciates the theme and sets the tone of the letter. Here it is the prisoner appealing rather than the apostle commanding.; #1] 9; Eph 3:1; 4:1; Phil 1:7, 13.]
2to Apphia our sister, to Archippus our fellow soldier, and to the church at your house.[#2] : sister is here used (like brother) to indicate a fellow Christian. : here is singular. It more likely refers to Philemon than to the last one named, Archippus; Philemon is then the owner of the slave Onesimus (Phlm 10). An alternate view is that the actual master of the slave is Archippus and that the one to whom the letter is addressed, Philemon, is the most prominent Christian there; see note on Col 4:17.; #2] Col 4:17.]
3Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.[#3] : for this greeting, which may be a combination of Greek and Aramaic epistolary formulae, see note on Rom 1:1–7.; #3] Rom 1:7; Gal 1:3; Phil 1:2.]
Thanksgiving.
4I give thanks to my God always, remembering you in my prayers,[#4] : literally, “at the time of my prayers.”; #4–5] Rom 1:8–9; Eph 1:15–16.]
5as I hear of the love and the faith you have in the Lord Jesus and for all the holy ones,[#5] : a common term for members of the Christian community (so also Phlm 7).]
6so that your partnership in the faith may become effective in recognizing every good there is in us that leads to Christ.[#6] : some good ancient manuscripts have in you (plural). translates the Greek preposition eis , indicating direction or purpose.; #6] Phil 1:9; Col 1:9.]
Plea for Onesimus.
7For I have experienced much joy and encouragement from your love, because the hearts of the holy ones have been refreshed by you, brother.[#7] : the Greek word paraklēsis is cognate with the verb translated “urge” in Phlm 9, 10, and serves as an introduction to Paul’s plea. : literally, “bowels,” expressing in Semitic fashion the seat of the emotions, one’s “inmost self.” The same Greek word is used in Phlm 12 and again in Phlm 20, where it forms a literary inclusion marking off the body of the letter.; #7] 2 Cor 7:4.]
8Therefore, although I have the full right in Christ to order you to do what is proper,[#8] : often translated “boldness,” the Greek word parrēsia connotes the full franchise of speech, as the right of a citizen to speak before the body politic, claimed by the Athenians as their privilege (Euripides).]
9I rather urge you out of love, being as I am, Paul, an old man, and now also a prisoner for Christ Jesus.[#9] : some editors conjecture that Paul here used a similar Greek word meaning “ambassador” (cf. Eph 6:20). This conjecture heightens the contrast with “prisoner” but is totally without manuscript support.; #9] 1; Eph 3:1; 4:1; Phil 1:7, 13.]
10I urge you on behalf of my child Onesimus, whose father I have become in my imprisonment,[#10] 1 Cor 4:14–15; Gal 4:19; Col 4:9.]
11who was once useless to you but is now useful to [both] you and me.[#11] : here Paul plays on the name Onesimus, which means “useful” or “beneficial.” The verb translated “profit” in Phlm 20 is cognate.]
12I am sending him, that is, my own heart, back to you.
13I should have liked to retain him for myself, so that he might serve me on your behalf in my imprisonment for the gospel,[#13] : the Greek diakoneō could connote a ministry.; #13] Phil 2:30.]
14but I did not want to do anything without your consent, so that the good you do might not be forced but voluntary.[#14] 2 Cor 9:7; 1 Pt 5:2.]
15Perhaps this is why he was away from you for a while, that you might have him back forever,[#15] : literally, “was separated from,” but the same verb means simply “left” in Acts 18:1. It is a euphemism for his running away.]
16no longer as a slave but more than a slave, a brother, beloved especially to me, but even more so to you, as a man and in the Lord.[#16] : literally, “in the flesh.” With this and the following phrase, Paul describes the natural and spiritual orders.; #16] 1 Tm 6:2.]
17So if you regard me as a partner, welcome him as you would me.
18And if he has done you any injustice or owes you anything, charge it to me.[#18–19] : technical legal and commercial terms in account keeping and acknowledgment of indebtedness.]
19I, Paul, write this in my own hand: I will pay. May I not tell you that you owe me your very self.[#19] Gal 6:11; 2 Thes 3:17.]
20Yes, brother, may I profit from you in the Lord. Refresh my heart in Christ.
21With trust in your compliance I write to you, knowing that you will do even more than I say.
22At the same time prepare a guest room for me, for I hope to be granted to you through your prayers.[#22] Heb 13:19.]
Final Greetings.
23Epaphras, my fellow prisoner in Christ Jesus, greets you,[#23–24] : a Colossian who founded the church there (Col 1:7) and perhaps also in Laodicea and Hierapolis (Col 2:1; 4:12–13). : a native of Thessalonica and fellow worker of Paul (Acts 19:29; 20:4; 27:2). For Mark, Demas, and Luke, see 2 Tm 4:9–13 and the note there.; #23] Col 1:7; 4:12–13.]
24as well as Mark, Aristarchus, Demas, and Luke, my co-workers.
25The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit.[#25] Acts 12:12, 15; 13:13; 15:37–39; 19:29; 20:4; 27:2; Col 4:10, 14; 2 Tm 4:10–13.]